Adam Smith and Karl Marx Economic Theories Essay

Adam Smith and Karl Marx Economic Theories - Essay Example The vast majority of the speculations in financial matters today depend on the thoughts of Smith just as Marx and Keynes. These people have various thoughts on how the economy functions and the best monetary framework that would guarantee the benefit surprisingly in the general public. They likewise vary on the job the administration should take to drive the economy to success. Every one of these distinctions are incited by the perspectives held by various scholars with respect to human instinct and this will be the topic of our conversation in the following segment however accentuation on the job of human instinct in financial hypotheses of Smith and Marx. Adam Smith (1723-1790) As expressed prior, Smith is viewed as the dad of present day financial matters and private enterprise. As indicated by him, individuals are social and as such they tend to think about one another. They are additionally determined without anyone else intrigue yet this doesn't hinder them from relating to and help one another (Skousen, 11). This is the premise of his monetary hypothesis written in his book An investigation into the nature and reasons for the abundance of countries or what is normally alluded as Wealth of Nations in 1776 (Das Kapital). This achieved mechanical insurgency and rise of free enterprise as the prevailing method of creation (Hall). The industrialist economy depends on the system of free markets whereby Smith accepted that people driven without anyone else premium and not encroaching on the privileges of others can in the process advantage the entire society (Hall). The market is driven by the ‘invisible hand’ whereby makers produce products and enterprises and take to showcase where they meet purchasers who are needing such merchandise for utilization. For this situation, the purchaser and vender possibly meet while trading items and don't haggle on the amount to be created or purchased (Skousen, 10). People are accepted to self-control themselves in this economy and as such there is no requirement for government intercession except if to give open products, for example, framework and ensure individuals hold fast to contracts. There is hence free development of work, capital and products (11). Smith’s financial hypothesis is likewise founded on monetary freedom. Regular freedom as indicated by smith is an essential human right in this way people are offered opportunity to do what they need (Hall). They produce what they need, at a value they need however the standard of equity must be retained, that is, there is opportunity of creation and trade. In that capacity, all the entertainers in the economy (laborers, proprietors and entrepreneurs) work in agreement; there is no irreconcilable circumstance (Skousen, 27). In such case, Smith expect that people are straightforward, simply as per cultural guidelines. They can in this way, seeks after personal responsibility without culpable or overlooking the requirements of oth ers however to serve all. Smith didn't imagine avarice and narcissism in human instinct. Moreover, entrepreneurs need to consider the interests of customers on the off chance that they need to make benefit. Individuals are serious in nature. This as indicated by Smith was not a negative thing but rather influenced the economy emphatically, that is, is directed to financial development (Hall). Man ought to thusly â€Å"bring his enterprising nature and capital into rivalry with those of others to make harmony† (Skousen, 27). Rivalry prompts assurance of costs in the market in this manner the market is consistently in the harmony. The maker can get benefit for his produce and the shopper profits by low costs just as improved quality (to bring down costs, makers improve innovation in this way produce quality merchandise requiring little to no effort). As such monetary flourishing is accomplished through financial freedom. Karl Marx (1818-1883) Smith and Marx had altogether diffe rent perspectives viewing human instinct and accordingly

Learning Team Assessment Through Flexnet Course

Learning Team Assessment Strategies Paper and Presentation Introduction With Flexnet course being a standout amongst other adaptable course plan it in this way implies the students can generally sign in online whenever for the classes and complete their coursework inside their own pace. These has helped in instances of assorted understudies as they all can sign in at various time and study and finish their work on time with no concerns. The main cutoff time that on the understudies will be the way that when the class parts of the bargains all be done and finished at that time.In a few cases they are adaptable and they can just go to the physical talks at any rate once. With regards to evaluation it presents a test particularly for a course where the understudies enlisted are various like for our situation. That implies every one of the understudy has unique and changing learning styles, and furthermore the involvement with the medicinal services is fluctuated so do the ethnic and soc ial foundation of every one of the five understudies who are workers at various clinic having various frameworks. The assessment and appraisal techniques that we will utilize won't be not the same as the ones held in the physical campus.Assessment Methods for FLEXnet course With the class having five distinct understudies, each is normal before the finish of the course to have; had the option to distinguish tolerant privacy issues, recognize different sorts of business related provocation and the outcome of such activities, and have the option to relate the need to keep up secrecy of patient data and restrictive hierarchical data to business related circumstances. Subsequently different technique for evaluation can be utilized to know whether the goals have been accomplished or not.Some of the appraisal strategies that can be utilized for this course include: Timed Tests: For the coordinated tests to be directed the students have all to be online as the tests must be offered on the Learning Management System stage. With the planned tests the understudies won't have task cutoff times rather the understudies will possibly sit for the tests when they are prepared and once they start the tests, there is a constrained time they are relied upon to complete the test. The coordinated tests will regularly comprise of numerous decision questions, questions that require short answers, valid or bogus inquiries and in any event, atching questions. For instance the sorts of business related provocation would be suitable for this kind of inquiries as most answers required will be short and exact and furthermore the part of valid or bogus inquiries can be important for this situation. Since more often than not will be spent on the web and the course itself is offered on the web, the organization of inquiries and in any event, reviewing is done consequently with the Learning Management System which will stamp every understudy work automatically.This implies that it will be hel pful and can be embraced and actualized exceptionally quick particularly since the educator will invest little energy evaluating the tests done by the understudies along these lines, decreasing the time spent by the workforce in appraisal instrument improvement and evaluating. The test scored will be done impartially without the part of human subjectivity and blunder. For a gathering it will be suitable to utilize this in certain units in the course. The principle inconvenience will be fundamentally estimating the students’ capacity hastily and along these lines it won't coordinate the particular destinations of the course.In instances of the five distinct understudies it won't be anything but difficult to check the progressions that would should be made for the targets to be accomplished just by referencing to the planned test. Undertakings: When a task is given the principle target of it will be to help the understudy in learning and understanding an idea. The educator can choose to give the understudies various quantities of duties that they have to examine for instance the understudies would be advised to explore on the patient classification issues and consequently they will utilize the medical clinic as the spots of research meeting both the patients and the doctors.The fundamental reason for the undertaking will be to empower the understudies to break down the data given and feel free to think even fresh lastly they will introduce their work in an organized way for this situation the venture will be composed, assembled and submitted to the teacher. For ventures as a method of evaluation implies that the task should be either submitted expressly during the physical meeting or they can be sent over to the instructor.By utilizing the undertakings the educator will have the option to get the understudies points of view in the learning procedure on the given task as such it is understudy focused along these lines the understudies will be spurred and d ynamic while doing their own examination. The undertaking on the drawback can be expensive for the understudies and furthermore tedious and requires a great deal of work while doing the exploration and at long last it turns out to be very scary to the understudies. What's more it will require preparing on the best way to lead the examination on the instructor’s part.Writing Essays: Essays can be set so that each theme that is educated during the course can be surveyed through it. In the five understudies case the themes like business related badgering will require an article on it. By composing a paper the principle exercises that the understudies will do will be explore and furthermore partake in deduction basically on the said theme as much as they will be relied upon to have compelling composing aptitudes. By having the composing aptitudes, the understudies will be surveyed based on their ability level and furthermore the authority of the point and the unit given.The accom modation of the papers will for the most part be through the email or the FLEXnet stage that the staff is utilizing. The understudies will be inventive with regards to article composing and furthermore the exposition will be summative or developmental relying upon the degree required by the educator. The exposition on the instructor’s part should be carefully structured in the event that it is utilized to survey the student’s ;winning result and furthermore thought ought to be given on the student’s capacity consequently the educator ought not be subjective.Quizzes: For the course, tests will likewise be important as they will test the students’ information particularly after a segment of the units and course given has been finished. The test will be shorter than the planned tests and their motivation will be to permit the assessment of the student’s learning by the educator and for the students’ part, they can utilize the tests as a method of self-appraisal to realize how well they have learned and comprehended the zone set in the quiz.When the understudy scores a poor quality on the test the understudy will realize that a specific theme was not surely known and in this manner the individual in question can return and read the said point or the section instructed already. This will offer the understudy a chance to get ready for the coordinated test when the unit has been secured. Much the same as the coordinated tests the instructor’s time is spared and the work is decreased as the person needs to do negligible imprint as far as evaluating and setting the test as the test is checked consequently be the FLEXnet stage programming. Assessment of the understudies on an individual levelFor Maria Sanchez who is familiar with English and Spanish, during the exercises paper composing would be the most proper method of evaluation as she has dominance of the language and the earlier medicinal services work experience wil l offer her an immense chances to place the involvement with a composed point of view for the teacher to measure her ability level of comprehension. For the undertakings will be applicable too with the experience she has it will work to further her potential benefit as she can associate with staff individuals in the social insurance area that she has worked in.Maria can dissect given point equitably. With Olga Bartold being new in the United States and besides originating from a German talking nation with no experience of working in the medicinal services condition, uncommon consideration should be given to her. This is additionally seemed well and good that Olga isn't familiar with English yet conversant in German. On the off chance that the course has no additional language choice it will suggest that to start with accentuation will be laid on the tests and planned tests for her.The test will be straightforward thus will be the coordinated tests particularly the valid or bogus/yes or no inquiries. Besides the online tests should be physically changed so as to give Olga adequate time to finish the tests. With time the article will be presented with straightforward points and territories for her to cover. In the event that there is a language alternative, at that point it will be reasonable to give the exercises in both the English and German language for her. Undertakings will be muddled except if submitted in German since it will look threatening for her. With Dr.Ranzin having a huge involvement with the social insurance condition, it will be simpler with regards to the appraisal of Dr. Ranzin. This is improved by the way that the language of guidance will be English and Dr. Ranzin knows the language well overall. By the ideals of the experience that the specialist have, the most proper technique for singular evaluation will be through undertaking function as that information can be gathered from the human services work station that he used to work in. Expos ition also will be important after every single bit of work done.Joe Antone won't have a language issue separated from the way that he doesn't have earlier working involvement with the medicinal services condition accordingly he will experience issues in getting the right idea of paper composing and task composing. Additional time should be given to him comparable to that yet it will be superbly alright for him to join in and sit for the tests and planned tests even without related knowledge as the appropriate responses are ordinarily short and some are given in the various choices.Just like Dr. Ranzin and Maria Sanchez, Martha Scott is likewise experienced with regards to w

The Economic Contribution of Melbourne- Free-Samples for Students

Question: Set up an Essay on the Economic Contribution of Melbourne's Foodbowl. Answer: Presentation As indicated by Victoria in Future (2015), Melbourne is second greatest Australian city with a populace of around 4.6 million individuals. The region encompassing Melbourne city are helpful for farming, generally delivering vegetables. With developing populace in Melbourne so as requirement for more increment. Increment in industrialization has involve land which at first was utilized for nourishment creation. This has result to nourishment creation decay, with urbanization presenting danger to nourishment creation. There is have to have great data on where to utilize land for development, cultivating, urban use and recreational reason. Deloitte Access Economics approaches the utilization of land to cultivate at Melbourne University. Farming area Melbourne nourishment bowl comprise of three sections that is internal Melbourne or urban region this is the most populated nearby government territory. Where the vast majority in Melbourne direct business exercises. The other part is the peri-urban territory or the interface Melbourne, this is the neighborhood which makes the more noteworthy Melbourne. Outside interface is the country territory and beach front district, which makes the external nourishment bowl. The inhabitants of these zones primarily take part in cultivating. The nourishment bowl represents more than 1.7 million hectares, around 12% of Victorias 14.8 million hectares of farming area. A large portion of Melbourne nourishment bowl is situated in external Melbourne outside the city in provincial territories which comprise of 9% of Victorias horticultural land. The inward Melbourne make up 0.1% and the interface Melbourne 3%, it is obvious as one move away from downtown area more land for horticulture is accessible. A s indicated by The monetary commitment of Melbournes nourishment bowl (2015, p4). Agrarian creation The agrarian creation inside three locales of Melbourne increment with increment in accessibility of horticultural land. The urban locale has less land for agrarian exercises delivering the least horticultural items in the nourishment bowl. As one moves from the urban regions more land is accessible for rural reason. The external locale delivers more when contrasted with the interface district as it has more land accessible to lead agribusiness. The external district or the provincial territory is most beneficial part in Melbourne nourishment bowl.(Deloitte, 2015, p. 9) Melbourne populace development According to June 2016 Melbourne populace was 4.6 million individuals making it the second most populated city in Australia. The populace is required to develop and the nourishment request In Melbourne is probably going to ascend as follow. From 4.6 million of every 2016, 5 million of every 2021, 5.5 million out of 2026, 6 million out of 2031, 6.4 million of every 2036, 6.9 million of every 2041, 7.3 million of every 2046 to 7.8 million of every 2051. The nourishment request in Melbourne city is required to develop by 70% by 2051. This will require more land for rural land as contrast with now. Accordingly there is have to realize where to save for farming purposes and to cook the developing nourishment request in Melbourne. Philosophy The information sources were auxiliary from ABS Census of populace and lodging, work square tallies (2010-11), which show the level of populace in every locale according to Deloitte Access financial aspects. Spellbinding insights were utilized to sum up information and envision it. Graphical information introduction were utilized, for example, pie diagram and reference chart. Pie outline was utilized to imagine Victoria Land for agrarian reason by rate, visual chart was utilized to speak to estimation of creation in Melbourne nourishment bowl and populace of Greater Melbourne from 2011to 2051. The information was in downright structure, which are summed up utilizing pie diagram or reference chart. The report neglected to utilize the proportion of area and proportion of scattering which are utilized on numerical information for synopsis and histogram is utilized for visualization.(Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), 2012) End The biggest farming area is in country region of Melbourne city which additionally contribute biggest piece of Melbourne nourishment bowl. These zones are situated in edge of the city where there is barely any individuals and enormous segment of the land reasonable for agribusiness. With populace evaluated to develop by 70% by 2051 the urban territory of Melbourne with gradually possess the interface locale, involving land which at first was utilized for horticulture. The nourishment request will increment as rural creation decline because of urbanization. The accessible data ought to be utilized to designate land for horticulture to cook nourishment interest for the developing populace in Melbourne.(Carey, 2015) References Timmons, D., Wang, Q. what's more, Lass, D. (2008), Local Foods: Estimating Capacity, Journal of Extension, vol 46 (5), accessible at https://www.joe.org/joe/2008october/a7.php. Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) (2012), Value of agrarian products created, 201011, accessible at https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/7503.0. Carey, R., Larsen, K. what's more, Sheridan, J. (2015), The job of urban areas in atmosphere flexible nourishment frameworks: A Foodprint Melbourne preparation, Victorian Eco-Innovation Lab, The University of Melbourne

New Orleans Orleans History - 816 Words

New Orleans, Louisiana is a naturally diverse city where delicious food, jazz and creative people meet (New Orleans History, 2016). On May 07, 1718 a Frenchman by the name of Sieur de Bienville founded the prudent port city of New Orleans which is also measured five feet below sea level (New Orleans History, 2016). The city of New Orleans was named in honor of the Duke of Orleans that very same year (Fact Monster, 2016). New Orleans is described to be a human gumbo because of its unique collaboration of ethnicities and occupations (New Orleans History, 2016). The demographics of the populace of the city are primarily made up of French, Spanish, African American and Caribbean descendants (New Orleans History, 2016). Throughout the duration of the establishment of New Orleans many French, Spanish and Americans amalgamated with the Islanders, West Africans and slaves breeding Creole Americans (New Orleans History, 2016). Subsequently the liberated slaves and the indentured servants deca nted into the city establishing contemporary occupations (farmers, merchants and soldiers) (New Orleans History, 2016). The geographic location of the city is essential to the economy making it accessible to convey goods on the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico (History, 2016). The petroleum, healthcare and information technology fields also assist in stabilizing the economy (Fact Monster, 2016). Despite the city’s waterways aiding in the importation and exportation of goods they alsoShow MoreRelatedA Brief History of New Orleans553 Words   |  2 Pages Introduction New Orleans is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The population of the city was 343,829 in the 2010 U.S. Census. New Orleans was part of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. It has been hit by Hurricane Katrina, and survived the worst of it all. They have had a gigantic parade called MARDI GRAS every year. Background information New Orleans People Normally when tourists or first-timeRead MoreHurricane Katrin The Worst Tropical Storm1512 Words   |  7 Pageslike finances and automobiles, which would be needed to escape before the hurricane occurred. Despite the economic decline the city New Orleans was already in, Hurricane Katrina made the economy decline even further. This Hurricane caused thousands of jobs to be lost in the medical and education fields. Katrina was handled poorly by President George Bush, New Orleans City Officials, and Louisiana State officials. If proper planning was implemented before and after the hurricane arrived many livesRead MoreHurricane Katrin Human Made Disaster Essay1315 Words   |  6 Pagesmiles from its mouth, New Orleans has been the chief city of Louisiana and the Gulf of Mexico’s busiest northern port since the early 1700s. Founded by the French, ruled for 40 years by the Spanish and bought by the United States in the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, New Orleans is known for its distin ct Creole culture and vibrant history. Significant battles of the War of 1812 and the Civil War were fought over the city. In its last hundred years the key struggles of New Orleans have been social (povertyRead MoreTelevision : Television Series Treme1559 Words   |  7 Pagesan individual is creating his or her sense of identity, self, or â€Å"place.† These ideals are made up of numerous different attributes, lending to a sense of community and solidarity among those from like places. After Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans, Louisiana in September of 2005, the city was rocked by its heavy losses on both cultural and physical levels. The aftereffects of the storm were deeply influenced by how the citizens reacted and attempted to revitalize their old community. TheRead MoreNew Orleans: A Historic City849 Words   |  3 PagesNew Orleans is the largest city in Louisiana, it is located in the southern part of the state, between The Mississippi River and Lake Ponchart rain. New Orleans has belonged to Spain, France, and the United States. It was founded by the French in 1718. New Orleans has about 712 churches in all. It has about 165 city owned parks. New Orleans is famous for its French Quarter, with its mixture of French, Spanish, and native architectural styles. The Mardi Gras is a week of carnival held in New OrleansRead MoreComparison Between City London And New Orleans1094 Words   |  5 PagesI will compare my city London to New Orleans. I will investigate and compare them to each other which is going to be easy I hope you enjoy me explaining to you their similarities and difference. Landforms: New Orleans, Louisiana has a river named Mississippi Rivers, wet marsh land, Sabine uplifts are Shallow, muddy seas advanced and retreated over the coastal and river plains many times, and gray clay deposited under these seas now forms the aquifers of northern Louisiana. Which are and has no mountains;Read MoreHurricane Katrin Disasters And Disasters909 Words   |  4 Pagesand all have their own significant impacts. We have experienced several of these within the past 10 years. Many with great impacts, however as far as hurricanes go, Katrina was one of the five the most dangerous and devastating hurricanes of U.S. history. On August 28, 2005, Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast of the United States. The damage from the actual storm was devastating. Hundreds of thousands of people in Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama were displaced from their homes, and expertsRead MoreOccupations and Industries in Baton Rouge, Louisiana and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania1516 Words   |à ‚  7 Pagesoccupations performed during 1930 in New Orleans, Louisiana and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Census data is used from district one of both areas and further research details how diverse each district is pertaining to origin of birth of individuals collected in the census data. Comparing the two regions will marginally depict which industries and occupations arose prominent and clarify their popularity. My father’s origin is from Pittsburgh and my mom’s origin is from New Orleans. Conducting this research willRead MoreThe Natural Disaster Of Hurricane Katrina817 Words   |  4 Pagesacross the world in so many different countries but the one incident that stands out to me is the natural disaster that took place in New Orleans, Louisiana. New Orleans stood out to me because it my favorite city in the United States that I have visited due to its rich culture and history going back to the slavery days being the main import location. Also, New Orleans is the city in which two of my uncles currently live and have been living in for the past 20 years. This incident went by the name ofRead MoreHealth Hazards : A Structural Model Of Health Behavior1445 Words   |  6 Pagesof health disparities are varied but include socioeconomic factors, language barriers, perceived personal risk, distrust, lack of preparation, and incorrect information. One of the most extreme examples of this was following Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans. Before the storm, parts of the city were already economically disadvantaged; these neighborhoods being primarily inhabited by minorities. After the storm these neighborhoods, particularly the ninth ward were destroyed, leaving many people dead

Examine Hobbes proposition that people need governed - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2486 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Philosophy Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The debate surrounding our original state of nature or species being has been hotly contested by scholars for centuries and remains a pivotal line of enquiry in contemporary pedagogic circles. In societies across the globe we observe entire populations governed by (religious) laws and practices designed to manage, control and otherwise police the boundaries of individualism whilst accentuating solidarity and protecting the collective norm (Stiglitz 2003). In this essay, we explore the various conceptions that have sought to trace and detail the genealogy of human beings to their primordial or so-called primitive condition, with particular emphasis on exploring Hobbes (2008) proposition that the disposition of human nature is chaos and thus, as humans, we are compelled to forgo our instinctual nature and find sanctuary within the realms of social collectivism and central governance. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Examine Hobbes proposition that people need governed" essay for you Create order In this vein, we confront the age-old nature versus nature conundrum; are we social and moral animals by design, altruistic in nature, or does civilisation transpire from egotistical obligation to co-operate in order to thrive. As ever-increasing demands are placed on social-scientific research to maintain pace with an ever-changing world, it is commonplace for scholars to forget the (historical) dictums of our primal beginnings; such investigations are often marginalised à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" afforded little time, finance and credence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" in a world seeking solutions to contemporary problems (Benton and Craib 2010). Yet, to paraphrase Marx (1991), the ghosts of the past weigh heavy on the minds of the living; understanding our roots may become the greatest social discovery and contribution to forging our future as human beings. Thus, social science, by definition and direction, is arguably obsessed with the social constructs that humans generate, frequently dismissing (perhaps through arrogance) the undeniable fact that we remain animals, imbued with the same instinctual drives and impulses as other species. Indeed, one need only observe the effect of social neglect in the case of feral children, unfettered by societal constraints we return to barely recognisable beasts, uncivilised and unconcerned by social pretentions, decorum, normative expectations and values (Candland 1996). For Hobbes (2008) humankind in its original state of being is an evil scourge upon the earth; a ruthless and egotistical creature perpetuated by self-gain and absolute dominance à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a survival of the fittest nightmare (Trivers 1985). Thus, paralleling the works of Plato (2014), he asserts that the individual, possessing the principle of reason, must sacrifice free-will to preserve their ontological wellbeing, acquired resources, property and way of life or what he calls a commodious living (78). As Berger and Luckmann (1991) argue, we willingly accept soc ial captivity as it offers a protective blanket from the otherwise harsh conditions; a remission from the barbarism and bloodshed that transpired previously. This led Hobbes (2008: 44) to assert that people need governed under a social contract or mutual agreement of natural liberty; the promise to not pillage, rape or slaughter was reciprocated and later crystallised and enforced by the state or monarch. Indeed, whilst his belief in the sovereigns traditional (rather than divine) right to rule was unwavering, he was certain that a despotic kingdom would not ensue as reason would triumph over narcissism. In response, Socrates (cited in Johnson 2011) hypothesised that justice was an inherent attribute where humans sought peace as a process of self-fulfilment of regulating the soul not because of fear or retribution; to paraphrase: the just man is a happy man (102). The state would therefore stand as a moral citadel or vanguard against the profane. Similarly, Locke (2014) rejects the nightmarish depiction offered by Hobbes (2008), asserting a romanticised state of natureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" permeated with Gods compassion à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" whereby humans seek liberty above all; not individual thrill-seekers but rather banded by familial bonds and communes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a pre-political conjugal society possessing parochial values, norms and voluntary arrangements. However, he also appreciated that, without the presence of a central regulatory organisation, conflict could easily emerge and continue unabated. Hence, humanity ascends into a civil contract, the birth of the political, as a means of protecting the status quo of tranquillity, prosperity and ownership. Similarly, Rousseau (2015) also proposes a quixotic rendition of   humanities social origins, considering such times as simplistic or mechanical (Durkheim 1972) inasmuch as populations were sparse, resources abundant and needs basic, implying that individuals where altruistic by nature and morally pure. Yet, the ascension of state, particularly the mechanisms of privatisation, polluted and contorted humankinds natural state into something wicked that not only coaxed but promoted tendencies of greed, selfishness and egocentrism. In this account, we find strong parallels with Marx (1991), specifically his critique of capitalism, which is conceptualised as a sadistic mechanism tearing humanity from its species-being the world of idiosyncratic flare, enchantment and cultural wonder à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and placing it into a rat-race of alienation (from ones fellow being), exploited labour and inequality. As Rousseau (2015) ably contends: man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains (78). Thus, government and the liberalism it allegedly promotes is a farce, seeking to keep the architectural means to create the social world within the possession of a minority à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" this he calls the current naturalized social contract. He calls for a new social order premis ed on consensus, reason and compassion; we must reconnect with ourselves, re-engage with our neighbours and discover who we are as a species. The supposition of our philosophical ancestors is that we require governance as a process of realisation, we are social animals that demand and reciprocate encounters with others; alongside the impulse for sustenance and shelter is the yearning for social contact à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" indeed love and belonging are included in Maslows (2014) hierarchy of needs. Yet, within many philosophical transcripts is the deployment of religion as a legitimate form of authority, since antiquity monarchs, pharaohs, dynasties and early tribal formations have claimed power through divine right or approval. In fact, conviction in a celestial realm has pervaded for epochs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" carved in millennia-old cave paintings around the globe (Stiglitz 2003) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and perhaps emerged from an enchanted, speculative and awe-inspired outlook of the world in which our ancestors occupied; religion complemented the life-cycle, delineating the sacred from the profane (Foucault 1975). As Schluchter (1989) argues, later missionaries would propagate their dogma; a prime example of this is the upsurge, dissemination and (even today) domination of Christianity as it overran its pagan predecessors, witchdoctors and mystics. Thus, religion has been attributed with generating social mores, collectivism and ushering the rise of civilisations. Indeed, Elias (2000), details the social evolution of humanity as the animalistic fades to the backstage with the gradual monopolisation of violence and (political) power and presented civil self takes credence. Initially, this was necessary for survival as people became more interdependent and significantly influenced later by the royal courts who became a celebrity-like beacon of perfect decorum and taste. By the 19th century, most of Europe was regarded as civilised whilst other developing pa rts where considered savage lands; the violence, exploitation and subsequent domination of such nations as India and Africa by western societies is well documented (Buckinx and Treto-Mathys 2015). As Elias puts it: people were forced to live in peace (2000, 99). This was also accompanied with the advent of Enlightenment whereby the rule of logic, rationalisation and pragmatism disrobed and effectively dismantled the prevailing supremacy of religion; though religion remains a powerful force in certain cultures and is frequently accompanied with its own medieval brutality. As Anderson (2008) alludes, in Africa and the middle-east, where Christianity, Judaism and Islam prevail and to varying degrees dominate life, purported barbaric acts like (female) genital mutilation, segregation, and (domestic) violence that affects mainly women and public violence and executions are commonplace and sanctioned. Thus, secularisation and the rise of empiricism unshackled humankind from its beast ly beginnings and rehomed them within the embracing idioms of consensus, free-will and reciprocal courteousness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" humans had undergone a transformation or courtisation whereby mannerisms, hygiene and self-restraint became governing tenants, the barbarian was adorned (concealed) with socially acceptable masks, equipped with approved social scripts and the rules of the game à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Goffmans (1990) social actor and his/her presented selves was born. In this conceptualisation,   self-governance or policing is prerequisite for progress and forms the basis for society; enhanced with consciousness we are capable of resisting our impulsive drives à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Freuds (2010) Eros and Thantos are forsaken for the greater good à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and creating a utilitarian civilisation. Today, in late-capitalist societies, we live in relative prosperity and peace; the elected government and its respective agencies provide sustenance, infrastructure, healt hcare, protection and political democracy; this template of humanity is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" like our religious proselytisers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" distributed globally, perpetuated by the mass media, globalisation and free-markets (Stiglitz 2013). For Nietzsche (2013), this contemporary worldview was tantamount to emptiness where humanity had escaped their animalistic state of being, finding virtue in religion and will-to-power within to overcome and ascend, but is now found wanting with the demise of faith and contemporary nihilism that has proceeded (his famous God is dead (13) quote). Indeed, he is dismissive of science, philosophical and religious idioms, particularly their totalitarian tendencies which (for him) inhibit, enslave or otherwise surrender life-affirming behaviours; similarities may be drawn with Marx and Engels (2008) critique of religion as the sigh of the oppressed creature (45); religion (like governments or social contracts) demands that individuals relinquish o r capitulate part of themselves; to genuflect the laws, tenets and values that rule. Such things seek to (re)capture or incarcerate our species being within a straightjacket. Therefore, humanity must re-engage their instinctual resolve à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" which Nietzsche (2014) regarded as stronger than our urge for sex or survival à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and become supermen (ÃÆ'Å“bermensch) untrammelled by instinct, to find wonder in the fluidity and unpredictability of nature and good conscience by re-evaluating our values, expectations and shortcomings as a species. Namely, a stateless civilisation, unhindered by permanency, premised on the continual refinement of self. Yet, whilst Nietzsche (2014) highlights the stifling effects of dogma, it seems unrealistic to suggest humans are capable of living in constant flux à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" even a war-torn nation offer consistency (Stiglitz 2003) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" insofar as we instinctually seek to structure the surrounding environment in a comprehendible manner; we assign labels, judgements and behavioural codes as we produce order à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" predictability is the precondition for life and offers humans ontological security and wellbeing (Berger and Luckmann 1991). However, given the asymmetrical nature of society, some possess the architectural means to govern others à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" reformulated as a form of symbolic violence or barbarism. For example, the credence given to hegemonic masculinities and subsequent denigration and objectification of women or the subjugation of nations to western ideals (Mulvey and Rogers 2015). Moreover, the free-markets offered by capitalism seek to segregate, exploit and captivate masses into a consumerist world of shiny prizes (Marcuse 2002), coaxing our selfish and cut-throat tendencies, whilst so-called liberalist governments attempt to impose their civility globally through violence, bullying and manipulation; a wolf in sheeps clothing (Kinker 2014). So, even unde r the rule of government and presence of civilisations our so-called animalistic (violent) heritage pervades, like a ghostly presence haunting the present. Hobbes (2008) reasons for why individuals need governed to cage our inner beast seems defective. As Walsh and Teo (2014) allude, a major fault with many of the propositions outlined above is the emphasis placed on linearity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" government is seen as a progressive necessity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" rather than appreciating that as social creatures we are capable of creating communities with their own normative flows, ebbs, fluxes and (more importantly) governing ourselves both as matter of necessity or self-preservation and as a means of self-fulfilment or belonging; contemporary modes of practice have become so integrated and reified that finding a parallel alternative or a way back seems implausible. That said, as Browning (2011) argues, in an increasingly interdependent and global world, the requirement for centra lised states seems unavoidable to handle the sheer mass of human activity and to maintain a level of equilibrium; an inevitable course of human progress. This essay has been both illuminating and simultaneously problematic; the proposition of whether humans are capable of cohabiting without the requirement of a state or intervening supra-organisation remains a mystery.   In fact, such an assertion is premised on how one defines the original state of nature; are we barbaric creatures who engage in a social contract for personal gain or are we instinctually social and empathic animals whose predisposition is not only to safeguard our interests but to generate genuine communal bonds and interconnections with others. The latter affords more manoeuvring for alternative (flexible) social figurations without government, where humanity can bask in the wonder of difference, variety and levels of unpredictability, whilst the former finds sanctuary only in the incarceration of h umanity to defined idioms and laws imposed by a centre of authority and power. It is tempting to concede that, despite Hobbes depiction of government as the epitome of civility, on the contrary it appears to be (in this era of modernity) the primary agent of (symbolic) violence and struggle, whether masquerading as a religious, communist or neo-liberal state. Thus, one is reluctant to accept Hobbes assertion that people should be governed by a reified or separate entity. Instead, with a level of Nietzschean sentiment, perhaps people should be permitted and empowered to re-evaluate and govern themselves. Word Count: (2,195) Bibliography Anderson, J. 2008.Religion, State and Politics. Cambridge University Press. Benton, T.Craib, I. 2010. 2ndedition.Philosophy of Social Science: The Philosophical Foundations of SocialThought (Traditions in Social Theory).Palgrave Macmillan. Berger, P.Luckmann, T. 1991.The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge(Penguin Social Sciences).Penguin Press. Browning, G. 2011.Global Theory from Kant toHardtandNegri(International Political Theory).Palgrave Macmillan. Buckinx, B. Trejo-Mathys, J. 2015.Domination and Global Political Justice: Conceptual, Historical and Institutional Perspectives (Routledge Studies in Contemporary Philosophy).Routledge. Candland, D. 1996.Feral Children and Clever Animals: Reflections on Human Nature.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯Oxford University Press. Durkheim, E. 1972.Emile Durkheim: Selected Writings, ed. and trans. Giddens, A. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. Elias, N. 2000. 2ndedition.The Civilisation Proces s.Wiley-Blackwell. Foucault, M. 1975.Discipline Punish:à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯The Birth of the Prison.Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. Freud, S. 2010.Civilization and Its Discontents.Martino Fine Books. Goffman, I. 1990.Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity.Penguin Press. Hobbes, T. 2008.Leviathan (Oxford Worlds Classics).Oxford Paperbacks. Johnson, P. 2011.Socrates: A Man for Our Times. Penguin Publishers. Kinker, S. 2014.The Critical Window: The State and Fate ofHumanity.Oxford University Press. Locke, J. 2014.Two Treatises of Government.CreateSpaceIndependent Publishing Platform. Marcuse, H. 2002.One Dimensional Man.Routledge. Marx, K. Engels, F. 2008.On Religion. Penguin Press. Marx, K. 1991.Capital, ed. Mandel, E. Volume 3. Penguin Books (Classics): London. Maslow, A. 2014.Toward a Psychology of Being.Sublime Books. Mulvey, L. Rogers, A. 2015.Feminisms: Diversity, Difference and Multiplicity in Contemporary Film Cultures (Key Debates Mutations and Appropriations in European Film Studies).Amsterdam University Press. Nietzsche, F. 2014.Beyond good and evil. Penguin Press. Nietzsche, F. 2013.On the Genealogy of Morals. Penguin Press. Plato. 2014.The Republic. Reprint.CreateSpaceIndependent Publishing Platform. Rousseau, J. 2015.The Social Contract.CreateSpaceIndependent Publishing Platform. Schluchter, W. 1989.Rationalism, Religion, and Domination: A Weberian Perspective.University of California Press. Stiglitz, J. 2003.Globalization and Its Discontents.Penguin Press. Trivers, R. 1985.Social Evolution. Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Co. Walsh, R.Teo, T. 2014.A Critical History and Philosophy of Psychology: Diversity of Context, Thought, and Practice.Cambridge University Press.

Was Psychology Really Founded in 1879 or Was It in...

Was psychology really founded in 1879? Or was it in existence before that specific time? Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) officially opened an institution and laboratory for Psychology, in Leipzig, Germany. Many students were also taught here on experimental psychology. Wundt was touted as a great lecturer, and some of those taught, emulated Wundts work and made a significant contribution to psychology; for example Edward Titchner (1867-1927), who introduced structuralism to the United States of America. This facility was renowned through out the world as the premise on which psychology became a science, because, it was there Wundt carried out extensive research on several hypotheses. Claiming the title of Psychologist Wundt†¦show more content†¦Wundts lectures sometimes exceeded over 250 students; 186 graduates were trained by Wundt, a total of 116 from the discipline of psychology and the other 70 came from the discipline of philosophy respectively. Voluntarism Greek philosopher Plato (427-347 BCE) asked Why should we not calmly and patiently review our own thoughts, and thoroughly examine and see what these appearances in us really are? Wundts introspection reflects very much on that question, as it relates to self observation, and internal self perception. Wundt conducted several experiments on persons of a certain criteria who were highly trained in self observation: they had to be of sound mind, quick to notice and respond to stimuli, physically healthy, not preconditioned in any way, and exercised good judgment. During these experiments the individuals were encouraged to give accurate cognitive facts immediately after the application of the stimuli. With the use of varying apparatus around his laboratory Wundt sought out to get the response to sensation or the nerve impulse given from the brain, when pressure, cold or heat was applied; the reaction to sound-simple noise of tones; smell; tasting of items-bitter, salty or sweet; light-achromatic or chromatic. What they had experienced in regard how the stimuli made them feel, whether it was pleasant or unpleasant, if itShow MoreRelatedHerbert Spencer Essay13142 Words   |  53 Pages | Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) was an English philosopher, scientist, engineer, and political economist. In his day his works were important in popularizing the concept of evolution and played an important part in the development of economics, political science, biology, and philosophy. Herbert Spencer was born in Derby on April 27, 1820. His childhood, described in An Autobiography (1904), reflected the attitudes of a family which was known on both sides to include religious nonconformistsRead MoreHistory of Social Work18530 Words   |  75 Pagesin the world 4 S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Understanding History through Historical Phases Understanding History through Historical Phases History of Social Work – UK USA Social Work during primitive stage (before 1200 AD) Social Work during 1200 -1500 A.D Social Work during 1500 – 1600 A.D. Social Work during 1500 – 1600 A.D. Social Work during 1600 -1800 A.D. Social Work during 1800 -1900 A.D. Social Work during 1900 onwards Tofler‟s Agricultural Society:Read MoreLiterature and Politics the Impact of Dostoevsky9582 Words   |  39 Pages$13.50.* ostoevskys great novels have spawned a vast library of critical 1/literature, a library which extends well beyond traditional literary criticism to cover the range of disciplines dealing with the human condition: philosophy, theology, psychology and sociology in particular. In this effusion of comment the real Dostoevsky is often buried under an avalanche of the commentators personal views, although few have been so forthright in recognizing this as Andre Gide, who confessed, DostoevskyRead Morewisdom,humor and faith19596 Words   |  79 Pagescompassionate—both important steps to becoming wiser. The encyclopedia essay also indicates that some thinkers view humor as a form of play and that humor has â€Å"until recently has been treated as roughly co-extensive with laughter,† though the two are not really the same.7 Chesterton also distinguishes between laughter and humor, seeing the latter as a more â€Å"civilized product,† possessing a â€Å"subtle and somet imes sub-conscious . . . quality.†8 Here, however, we will not try to draw too precise a distinctionRead MoreNew World Order in Conspiracy Theory13987 Words   |  56 Pagesorganizations. Numerous historical and current events are seen as steps in an on-going plot to achieve world domination through  secret political gatherings  and decision-making processes.[2][3][4][5][6] Prior to the early 1990s, New World Order  conspiracism  was limited to two American countercultures, primarily the  militantly anti-government right, and secondarily  fundamentalist Christians  concerned with  end-time  emergence of the  Antichrist.[7]  Skeptics, such as  Michael Barkun  andChip Berlet, have expressedRead MoreGame Theory and Economic Analyst83847 Words   |  336 Pagesmight not expect to ï ¬ nd them. Game theory was invented in order to satisfy a mathematical curiosity. The diï ¬Æ'culty at the outset was to ï ¬ nd a theoretical solution to the problems posed by uncertainty in games of chance. The example of checkers interested Zermelo (1913), and then the ï ¬ rst complete mathematical formulation of strategies for games â€Å"in which chance (hasard) and the ability of the players plays a role† was sketched out by Borel (1924), who was himself co-author of a treatise on bridgeRead MoreManagement Challenges for the 21st Century.Pdf60639 Words   |  243 Pagesthe hospital, let alone the government agency—are more rigid and less flexible than businesses are, and far more deeply rooted in the concepts, the assumptions, the policies of yesterday or even, as are universities, in the assumptions of the day before yesterday (i.e., of the 19th century). How to use the book? I suggest you read a chapter at a time— they are long chapters. And then first ask: â€Å"What do these issues, these challenges MEAN for our organization and for me as a knowledge worker, a professionalRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesNoncommercial You may not use this work for commercial purposes (for example, by inserting passages into a book that is sold to students). (3) No Derivative Works You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. An earlier version of the book was published by Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont, California USA in 1993 with ISBN number 0-534-17688-7. When Wadsworth decided no longer to print the book, they returned their publishing rights to the original author, Bradley Dowden. The currentRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pageschapter of the Project Management Institute since 1984. In 1995 he worked as a Fulbright scholar with faculty at the Krakow Academy of Economics on modernizing Polish business education. In 2005 he was a visiting professor at Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok, Thailand. He received a B.A. in psychology from Claremont McKenna College and a Ph.D. in management from State University of New York at Buffalo. He is a certified project management professional (PMP) and Scrum Master. Clifford F. Gray

Unfair Labor Practices for Employment and Labor Law -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theUnfair Labor Practices for Employment and Labor Law. Answer: The workplace is prone to conflicts and disagreements between parties in an employee employer relationship. The employment contract is not conclusive is containing all the rights and responsibilities of both parties and therefore, employees are not certain and this creates conflicts and disagreements resulting from the employer exercising discretion in the employment relationship. Disputes are likely to arise and defending such disputes requires a well thought out strategy and procedure. The first and initial step would be to reach out the employees and the union officials in order to resolve the matter amicably through an out of court settlement. An out of court settlement would involve all the parties involved in the dispute coming together through a conciliatory process. In the conciliation proceedings, a neutral party acceptable to all the parties involved in the dispute would be agreed upon who will attempt to solve the matter amicably in the circumstances. Where the parties do not solve the matter at this stage, then an attempt can be made at the Labour court to determine the matter conclusively (Weiler, 2009, p. 23). The other step is to establish whether the claimants are employees or prospective employees of the company. This can be established by examining the contracts of employment of the employees that they signed at the time of recruitment and selection. It is important to establish the status of a claimant, whether employee or not so as to avoid defending a claim that is frivolous. A prospective employee is a person who has gone through the stages of selection and recruitment with a company and is in the last stage of placement. After establishing the status of the claimants, the next action will be to establish their relation with the union, whether they are union sable members or prospective members of the union. The company will then respond to the unfair labour practice charge against it. The response is done by filing a defense stating the companys position in the dispute and a justification that the action complied with the provisions of Employment Act. Though it is advisable for employees to register and join a trade union, the employees should only join voluntarily and with their informed consent. The employees have a valid claim since they were not consulted if they wanted to voluntarily join the union or were members of a different trade union (Cihon Castagnera, 2017, p. 17). Employees have a right to join a trade union of their choice which was infringed upon in this scenario. The defenses that can be advanced by the company are that the employees were in breach of the agreement between the company and the union in which the employees are the direct beneficiaries and that the action the employees ignored to follow the internal mechanisms for resolving disputes of this nature. The employer should have involved employees in the negotiations with the union. Since the company is an employer according to sections 2(2), (6) and (7) of the Act, the action of not employing the prospective employees was not lawful. The union was at fault in requesting the company not to employ the three prospective employees. In this scenario, both the company and the union are at fault and are likely to be found liable. References Weiler, P. C. (2009)Governing the workplace: The future of labor and employment law Harvard University Press Cihon, P. J., Castagnera, J. O. (2017) Employment and labor law (9th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning